Kamis, 26 September 2013

jakarta kota ku

JAKARTA

Jakarta officially known as the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia.
Located on the northwest coast of Java, Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre, and with a population of 10,187,595 as of November 2011it is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the thirteenth most populated city in the world. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek (a name formed by combining the initial syllables of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi), is the second largest in the world, yet the metropolis's suburbs still continue beyond it. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research.[5] and has an area of 661 square kilometres (255 sq mi). This area has a population of well over 28 million] making it one of the world's largest conurbations in terms of number of inhabitants.
In 2011, Jakarta ranked 17th among the world's 200 largest cities, a jump from its 2007 ranking of 171. Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing and Bangkok.
Established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies (known as Batavia at that time) and has continued as the capital of Indonesia since the country's independence was declared in 1945.
The city is the seat of the ASEAN Secretariat. Jakarta is served by the Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport, and Tanjung Priok Harbour; it is connected by several intercity and commuter railways, and served by several bus lines running on reserved busways.


Kota or kotamadya (municipalities) and regency of Jakarta


Map of the municipalities (kotamadya) in Jakarta province. Each city is divided into subdistricts (kecamatan).
Officially, Jakarta is not a city, but a province with special status as the capital of Indonesia. It has a governor (instead of a mayor), and is divided into several sub-regions with their own administrative systems. As a province, the official name of Jakarta is Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ("Special Capital City District of Jakarta"), which in Indonesian is abbreviated to DKI Jakarta.
Jakarta is divided into five kota or kotamadya ("cities" – formerly municipalities), each headed by a mayor – and one regency (kabupaten) headed by a regent. In August 2007, Jakarta held its first ever election to choose a governor, whereas previously the city's governors were appointed by the local house of representatives. The poll is part of a country-wide decentralization drive, allowing for direct local elections in several areas.[32]
The cities/municipalities of Jakarta are:
  • Central Jakarta (Jakarta Pusat) is Jakarta's smallest city and home to most of Jakarta's administrative and political centre. It is characterized by large parks and Dutch colonial buildings. Landmarks include the National Monument (Monas), the Istiqlal Mosque, the Jakarta Cathedral, and museums.[33]
  • West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat) has the highest concentration of small-scale industries in Jakarta. The area includes Jakarta's Chinatown and Dutch colonial landmarks such as the Chinese Langgam building and Toko Merah. West Jakarta contains part of Jakarta Old Town.[34]
  • South Jakarta (Jakarta Selatan), originally planned as a satellite city, is now the location of large upscale shopping centres and affluent residential areas. Jakarta Selatan functions as Jakarta's ground water buffer,[35] but recently the green belt areas are threatened by new developments. Much of the CBD area of Jakarta is concentrated in Setia Budi, South Jakarta, bordering the Tanah Abang/Sudirman area of Central Jakarta.
  • East Jakarta (Jakarta Timur) territory is characterized by several industrial sectors erected in this city.[36] Also located in East Jakarta are Taman Mini Indonesia Indah and Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport.
  • North Jakarta (Jakarta Utara) is the only city in Jakarta that is bounded by the sea (Java Sea). It is the location of the Tanjung Priok Port. Large-scale and medium-scale industries are concentrated in North Jakarta. North Jakarta contains part of Jakarta Old Town, formerly known as Batavia since the 17th century, and was a centre of VOC trade activity in Dutch East Indies. Also located in North Jakarta is Ancol Dreamland (Taman Impian Jaya Ancol), currently the largest integrated tourism area in South East Asia.[37]
The only regency (kabupaten) of Jakarta is:
  • Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu), formerly a subdistrict of North Jakarta, is a collection of 105 small islands located on Java Sea. It has a high conservation value because of its unique and special ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycle, and wind surfing, is the most important touristic activity in this territory. The main transportation between these islands are speed boat or small ferries.[38]
Jakarta's Cities/Municipalities (Kota Administrasi/Kotamadya)
City/Regency Area (km2) Total population (2010 Census) Population Density (per km2) 2010
South Jakarta (Jakarta Selatan) 141.27 2,057,080 14,561
East Jakarta (Jakarta Timur) 188.03 2,687,027 14,290
Central Jakarta (Jakarta Pusat) 48.13 898.883 18,676
West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat) 129.54 2,278,825 17,592
North Jakarta (Jakarta Utara) 146.66 1,645,312 11,219
Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu) 8.7 21,071 2,422

Government

In September 1945, the government of Jakarta City was changed from the Japanese Djakarta Toku-Betsu Shi into the Jakarta National Administration. This first government was held by a Mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a Governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Sudiro, until he was replaced by Dr Sumarno as Governor of the province (as the city had now become).
In 1974, Based on the Act No. 5 of 1974 relating to the Fundamentals of Regional Government, Jakarta was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of Indonesia's (then) 26 provinces.


Municipal finances


Hotel Indonesia Roundabout
The ability of the regional government to respond to the many problems of Jakarta is constrained by extremely limited finances. In 2013 the total budget available to the Jakarta regional government was approved at around Rp 50 trillion (about $US 5.2 billion), equivalent to around $US 380 per citizen. Priority areas of spending are expected to be education, transport, flood control measures, environment programs, and various types of social spending (such as health and housing).[40]
The Jakarta provincial government, like all other provincial governments in Indonesia, relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of budget income. Local (non-central government) sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees and so on.[41]
In recent years, the Jakarta provincial government has consistently run a surplus of between 15-20% of total planned spending, largely because of delays in procurement procedures and other inefficiencies in the spending process. The regular underspending is a matter of frequent public comment but the legal and administrative blockages that cause the underspending problem seem very difficult to overcome.[42]

Geography and climate

Geography

Jakarta is located on the northwest coast of Java, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, which is an inlet of the Java Sea. Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 662 km2 (256 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km2 (2,694 sq mi) of sea area.[43] The Thousand Islands, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.
Jakarta lies in a low, flat basin, ranged from −2 metres (−7 ft) to 50 metres (164 ft) with average elevation 8 metres (26 ft) above sea level;[citation needed] 40% of Jakarta, particularly the northern areas, is below sea level,[44] while the southern parts are comparatively hilly. Rivers flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, across the city northwards towards the Java Sea; the most important[clarification needed] is the Ciliwung River, which divides the city into the western and eastern principalities. Other rivers include the Pesanggrahan, and Sunter.
All these rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding. Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 centimeters each year, even up to 20 centimeters in the northern coastal areas. To help cope with the threat from the sea, the Netherlands will give $4 million for a feasibility study to build a dike around Jakarta Bay. The ring dike will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater. Additionally, the dike will function as a toll road. The project will be built by 2025.[45]
The view of Central Jakarta from the viewing tower at the National Monument



Climate

Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate (Am)[46] according to the Köppen climate classification system. Despite being located relatively close to the equator, the city has distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season in Jakarta covers the majority of the year, running from November through June. The remaining four months forms the city’s dry season. Located in the western part of Java, Jakarta’s wet season rainfall peak is January with average monthly rainfall of 389 millimetres (15.3 in), and its dry season low point is September with a monthly average of 30 mm (1.2 in).
[hide]Climate data for Jakarta
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 29.9
(85.8)		 30.3
(86.5)		 31.5
(88.7)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.5
(90.5)		 31.4
(88.5)		 32.3
(90.1)		 32
(90)		 33
(91)		 32.7
(90.9)		 31.3
(88.3)		 32
(90)		 31.78
(89.23)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2)		 26.8
(80.2)		 27.3
(81.1)		 27.9
(82.2)		 28
(82)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.4
(81.3)		 27.7
(81.9)		 28
(82)		 28.3
(82.9)		 27.9
(82.2)		 27.4
(81.3)		 27.59
(81.58)
Average low °C (°F) 24.2
(75.6)		 24.3
(75.7)		 25.2
(77.4)		 25.1
(77.2)		 25.4
(77.7)		 24.8
(76.6)		 25.1
(77.2)		 24.9
(76.8)		 25.5
(77.9)		 25.5
(77.9)		 24.9
(76.8)		 24.9
(76.8)		 24.98
(76.97)
Rainfall mm (inches) 402
(15.83)		 284
(11.18)		 219
(8.62)		 131
(5.16)		 113
(4.45)		 90
(3.54)		 58
(2.28)		 61
(2.4)		 64
(2.52)		 101
(3.98)		 128
(5.04)		 204
(8.03)		 1,855
(73.03)
Avg. rainy days 19 17 16 11 9 7 6 5 6 8 12 14 130
 % humidity 85 85 83 82 82 81 78 76 75 77 81 82 80.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 6.1 6.4 7.7 8.5 8.4 8.5 9.1 9.5 9.7 9 7.7 7.1 8.1
Source #1: World Meteorological Organization,[47] Climate-Data.org for mean temperatures and precipitation[46]
Source #2: climatemps.com for rain days, sunshine and humidity,[48] Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity)[49][dead link]

Culture

As the economic and political capital of Indonesia, Jakarta attracts many domestic immigrants who bring their various languages, dialects, foods and customs.

The Golden Snail (Keong Emas), established in the 1970s during the New Order era, is an IMAX theatre located in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, East Jakarta.

Festival Beach in Ancol Dreamland, North Jakarta.
The "Betawi" (Orang Betawi, or "people of Batavia") are the descendants of the people living in and around Batavia and recognized as an ethnic group from around the 18th–19th century. The Betawi people are mostly descended from various Southeast-Asian ethnic groups brought or attracted to Batavia to meet labor needs, and include people from different parts of Indonesia.[50] The language and Betawi culture are distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. The language is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and Arabic. Nowadays, the Jakarta dialect (Bahasa Jakarta), used as a street language by people in Jakarta, is loosely based on the Betawi language. Betawi arts have a low profile in Jakarta, and most Betawi have moved to the suburbs of Jakarta, displaced by new migrants. It is easier to find Java- or Minang-based wedding ceremonies rather than Betawi weddings in Jakarta. It is easier to find Javanese Gamelan instead of Gambang Kromong (a mixture between Betawi and Chinese music) or Tanjidor (a mixture between Betawi and Portuguese music) or Marawis (a mixture between Betawi and Yaman music). However, some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival or Kemang Festival include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to give performances.[51]
There has been a significant Chinese community in Jakarta for many centuries. The Chinese in Jakarta traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as Pinangsia, Pluit and Glodok (Jakarta Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in old chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara. Officially, they make up 6% of the Jakartan population, although this number may be under-reported.[52] Chinese culture also had influenced Betawi culture, such as the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, firecrackers, to Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.
Jakarta has several performing art centres, such as the classical concert hall Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran, Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) art centre in Cikini, Gedung Kesenian Jakarta near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in Plaza Semanggi area, Bentara Budaya Jakarta in Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in Ancol, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including Wayang and Gamelan performances. Javanese Wayang Orang performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata theater near Senen bus terminal. As the nation's largest city and capital, Jakarta has lured much national and regional talent who hope to find a greater audience and more opportunities for success.
Jakarta hosts several prestigious art and culture festivals, and exhibitions, such as the annual Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest), Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival, Jakarta Fashion Week, Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Jakarta Fair, Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition. Flona Jakarta is a flora-and-fauna exhibition, held annually in August at Lapangan Banteng Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. The Jakarta Fair is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is largely centred around a trade fair. However this month-long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local bands and musicians.
Several foreign art and culture centres are also established in Jakarta, and mainly serve to promote culture and language through learning centres, libraries, and art galleries. Among these foreign art and cultural centres are China Confucius Institute, Netherlands Erasmus Huis, UK British Council, France Centre Culturel Français, Germany Goethe-Institut, Japan Foundation, and the Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Centre.

Museums

See also: List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia

National Museum of Indonesia in Central Jakarta
The museums in Jakarta cluster around the Central Jakarta Merdeka Square area, Jakarta Old Town, and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.
The Jakarta Old Town contains museums that are former institutional buildings of Colonial Batavia. Some of these museums are: Jakarta History Museum (former City Hall of Batavia), Wayang Museum (Puppet Museum) (former Church of Batavia), the Fine Art and Ceramic Museum (former Court House of Justice of Batavia), the Maritime Museum (former Sunda Kelapa warehouse), Bank Indonesia Museum (former Javasche Bank), and Bank Mandiri Museum (former Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij). Several museums clustered in central Jakarta around the Merdeka Square area include: National Museum of Indonesia (also known as Gedung Gajah ("the Elephant Building"), Monas (National Monument), Istiqlal Islamic Museum in Istiqlal mosque, and Jakarta Cathedral Museum on the second floor of Jakarta Cathedral. Also in the central Jakarta area is the Taman Prasasti Museum (former cemetery of Batavia), and Textile Museum in Tanah Abang area. The recreational area of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah in East Jakarta contains fourteen museums, such as Indonesia Museum, Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum, Asmat Museum, Bayt al-Qur'an Islamic Museum, Pusaka (heirloom) Museum, and other science-based museum such as Research & Technology Information Centre, Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum, Insect Museum, Petrol and Gas Museum, plus the Transportation Museum.
Other museums are Satria Mandala Military Museum, Museum Sumpah Pemuda, and Lubang Buaya.

Cuisine


The gado-gado is a popular food in Jakarta.
Jakarta has a vast range of food available at hundreds of eating complexes located all over the city, from modest street-side foodstalls and traveling vendors to the high-class expensive restaurants. One of the most popular local dishes in Jakarta is Soto Betawi, which is a cow milk or coconut milk broth with beef tendons, intestines, tripe. However since Jakarta is regarded as the 'melting-pot' and a miniature of Indonesia, many traditional food from other regions of Indonesia can be easily found in Jakarta. For example, traditional Padang restaurants and low-budget Javanese Warteg (Warung Tegal) foodstalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Next to a myriad of selections of Indonesian food and regional specialties from all over Indonesia, there is also international food, especially Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Indian, American, French, Middle Eastern, and modern fusion food.[53] The other popular foods include: kerak telor, gado-gado, sate, nasi goreng and kue cucur.

Media


A Metro TV news van parking in Merdeka Square, Jakarta
Daily newspapers in Jakarta include
Television stations include:
Many TV stations are analog PAL, but some are now are converting to digital signals using DVB-T2 following government plan to digital television migration.[55]
Radio:

Economy, governance and infrastructure

Economy


Bank Indonesia headquarters. Jakarta's economy depends highly on service sectors, including financial, banking and trading sector.
See also: Indonesian future capital proposal
Jakarta's economy depends heavily on financial service, trade, and manufacturing. Industries in Jakarta include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences manufacturing.
The economic growth of Jakarta in 2007 was 6.44% up from 5.95% the previous year, with the growth in the transportation and communication (15.25%), construction (7.81%) and trade, hotel and restaurant sectors (6.88%).[39] In 2007, GRP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) was Rp. 566 trillion (around $US 56 billion). The largest contributions to GDRP were by finance, ownership and business services (29%); trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20%), and manufacturing industry sector (16%).[39] In 2007, the increase in per capita GRDP of DKI Jakarta inhabitants was 11.6% compared to the previous year[39]
Both GRDP by at current market price and GRDP by at 2000 constant price in 2007 for the Municipality of Central Jakarta (Jakarta Pusat), which was Rp 146 million and Rp 81 million, was higher than other municipalities in DKI Jakarta.[39]

Governance

A new law in 2007 forbids the giving of money to beggars, buskers and hawkers, bans squatter settlements on river banks and highways, and prohibits spitting and smoking on public transportation. Unauthorized people cleaning car windscreens and taking tips for directing traffic at intersections will also be penalized. Critics of the new legislation claim that such laws will be difficult to enforce and it tends to ignore the desperate poverty of many of the capital's inhabitants.[56]
Copying an idea implemented in Singapore's Orchard Road, in 2011, the Jakarta administration said that it would restrict on-street parking on Jl Hayam Wuruk (Haram Wuruk St) and Jl Gajah Mada in Central Jakarta. It said it would also remove illegal vendors and beggars from pavements and streets in the area.[57] In practice, these measures have only been partially successful.

Water supply

For more details on this topic, see Water privatization in Jakarta.
Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water supply in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. 80% of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on the Citarum River 70 km (43 mi) southeast of the city. Water supply had been privatized by government of then President Suharto in 1998 to the French company Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water International. Both foreign companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the 7 first years of the concessions had been lower than before, despite substantial inflation-adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005 tariffs were frozen, leading the private water companies to cut down on investments.
According to PALYJA in its western half of the concession the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% in 1998 to 59% in 2007 and 65% in 2010.[58] According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004, but stagnated after that.[59] However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: One study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005,[60] while another source estimates it to be as low as 18.5% in 2011.[61] Those without access to piped water supply get water mostly from wells that are often salty and polluted with bacteria.

Demography

Year Population
1870 65,000
1875 99,100
1880 102,900
1883 97,000
1886 100,500
1890 105,100
1895 114,600
1901 115,900
1905 138,600
1918 234,700
Year Population
1920 253,800
1925 290,400
1928 311,000
1930 435,184
1940 533,000
1945 600,000
1950 1,733,600
1959 2,814,000
1961 2,906,533
1971 4,546,492
Year/Date Population
31 October 1980 6,503,449
31 October 1990 8,259,639
30 June 2000 8,384,853
1 January 2005 8,540,306
1 January 2006 7,512,323
June 2007 7,552,444
2010 9,588,198
* 2010 Population census
Ethnicities of Jakarta - 2000 Census[62]
ethnic group

percent
Javanese
  
 35.16%
Betawi
  
 27.65%
Sundanese
  
 15.27%
Chinese
  
 5.53%
Batak
  
 3.61%
Minangkabau
  
 3.18%
Malays
  
 1.62%
Religion in Jakarta - 2010 Census[6]
religion

percent
Islam
  
 85.36%
Protestantism
  
 7.54%
Catholicism
  
 3.15%
Buddhism
  
 3.13%
Hinduism
  
 0.21%
Confucianism
  
 0.06%
The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above all government estimates.[63] The area of DKI Jakarta is 662.33 km2, suggesting a population density of 14,464 people/km2 as the ninth largest urban population density in the world.[64] Inwards immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs.[39] The population has risen from 1.2 million in 1960 to 8.8 million in 2004, counting only its legal residents.[citation needed]
The population of Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek Region) is 28,019,545.[65]

Landmarks


Istiqlal Mosque with Cathedral in the background.
Most of Jakarta's landmarks, monuments and statues were built during Sukarno era around the 1960s and completed in Suharto era, while some are the colonial Dutch East Indies heritage. Near the national monument stands a Mahabharata themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan Thamrin, the main avenue of Jakarta, the Selamat Datang monument stands on the fountain in the centre of Hotel Indonesia roundabout. Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque, the Jakarta Cathedral and Immanuel Church. The former Batavia Stadhuis in Jakarta Old Town is also the city's landmark. The Wisma 46 building in Central Jakarta is currently the highest building in Jakarta and Indonesia.
Some of statues and monuments in Jakarta are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation monument. Several Indonesian national heroes are commemorated in statues, such as Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square, Sudirman and Thamrin statues located in each respectable avenues, also Sukarno and Hatta statues in Proclamation Monument also on the entrance of Soekarno–Hatta International Airport.

Tourism

Most of the visitors attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists from all over Indonesia. As the gateway of Indonesia, Jakarta often serves as the stop-over for foreign visitors on their way to Indonesian popular tourist destinations such as Bali and Yogyakarta. Other than attracted to monuments, landmarks, and museums around Merdeka square and Jakarta Old Town, tourist attractions include Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Ragunan Zoo, Sunda Kelapa old port and the Ancol Dreamland complex on Jakarta Bay, including Dunia Fantasi theme park, Sea World, Atlantis Water Adventure, and Gelanggang Samudra.
Tourism is contributing a growing amount of income to the city. In 2012, the tourism sector contributed 2.6 trillion rupiah (US$268.5 million) to the city’s total direct income of 17.83 trillion rupiah, a 17.9 per cent increase over 2011. Tourism stakeholders are expecting greater marketing of the Jakarta as a tourism destination.[66]

Shopping

Jakarta is a shopping hub in the nation also one of the best places to shop in South East Asia. The city has numerous shopping malls and traditional markets. The annual "Jakarta Great Sale" is held every year on June and July to celebrate Jakarta's anniversary with about 73 participating shopping centres in 2012.[67]
Malls such as Plaza Indonesia, Plaza Senayan and Senayan City provides numerous selections of luxury brands. Mall Taman Anggrek, Pondok Indah Mall, Mal Kelapa Gading, and Central Park Jakarta cater high-street brands such as UK's Topshop and Europe's Zara [68]
United Kingdom's number one department store, Debenhams has 3 outlets in the city, the first one on Senayan City, Supermall Karawaci and Lippo Mall Kemang Village. Japan's international Sogo department store has about 6 department stores which spread around shopping malls in the city. Seibu flagship store is located on Grand Indonesia Shopping Town. And French luxury department store, Galeries Lafayette will open its doors for the first time on South East Asia in Pacific Place Jakarta.
Internationally known luxury brands such as Louis Vuitton, Bulgari, Chanel, Gucci, Christian Louboutin, Balenciaga, and Giorgio Armani can be easily found on Jakarta's luxury shopping malls.
Satrio-Casablanca corridor, 3.5 kilometre-long street that is a new shopping belt in Jakarta.[69] Many multistorey shopping centres are located here, such as Kuningan City, Mal Ambassador, and Kota Kasablanka. And Satrio-Casablanca's largest shopping centre, Ciputra World Jakarta, will opened in 2013.
Traditional markets include Blok M, Tanah Abang, Senen, Pasar Baru, Glodok, Mangga Dua, Cempaka Mas, and Jatinegara. In Jakarta there are also markets that sells specified collectable items, such as antique goods in Surabaya Street and gemstones in Rawabening Market.

Parks


The National Monument in the centre of Medan Merdeka Park

Plaza Indonesia, the high end shopping centre in Jakarta
Taman Lapangan Banteng (Buffalo Field Park) is located in Central Jakarta near the Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and the Jakarta Central Post Office. It is about 4.5 hectares. Initially it was called Waterlooplein of Batavia and functioned as the ceremonial square during the Netherlands Indies colonial period. A number of colonial monuments and memorials erected on the square during the colonial period were demolished during the Sukarno era. The most notable monument in the square is the Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat (Monument of the Liberation of West Irian). During the 1970s and 1980s the park was used as a bus terminal. In 1993 the park was turned into a public space again. It has become a recreation place for people and is occasionally also used as an exhibition place or for other events.[70] The Jakarta Flona (Flora dan Fauna), the flower and decoration plants and pet exhibition, is held in this park around August annually.
Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Miniature Park of Indonesia), in East Jakarta, has 10 mini parks. But the most popular is The Bird Park or Aviary

Spherical cage Bird Park in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.
Taman Suropati is located in Menteng city subdistrict in Central Jakarta. The park is surrounded by several Dutch colonial buildings. Taman Suropati was known as Burgemeester Bisschopplein during the Dutch colonial time. The park is circular shaped with a surface area of 16,322 m2. There are several modern statues in the park made by artists of the ASEAN countries, which contributes to the nickname of the park "Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN" ("Park of the ASEAN artists friendship").[71] Also located in the Menteng area are the Taman Menteng and Situ Lembang pond parks. The Taman Menteng was built on the former Persija soccer Stadium.
Taman Monas (Monas Park) or Taman Medan Merdeka (Medan Merdeka Park) is a huge square where the symbol of Jakarta, Monas or Monumen Nasional (National Monument) is located. The enormous space was created by Dutch Governor General Herman Willem Daendels (1810) and was originally named Koningsplein (Kings Square). On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto initiated action for the beautification of the square. Several features in the square are a deer park and 33 trees that represents the 33 provinces of Indonesia.[72]
In June 2011, Jakarta has only 10.5 percent Ruang Terbuka Hijau (Green Open Space) and will be added to 13.94 percent Public Green Open Space. Public Parks are include in Public Green Open Space. By 2030, the administration also hope there are 16 percent Private Green Open Space.[73]

Sports


The Bung Karno Stadium during soccer match between Indonesia vs South Korea in 2007 AFC Asian Cup
Jakarta was host to the Asian Games in 1962,[74] host of the Asian Cup 2007 beside Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam,[75] and has hosted the regional-scale Southeast Asian Games in 1979, 1987 and 1997. In 2011, Jakarta again hosted the Southeast Asian Games, but this time as co-hosts with Palembang.
Jakarta's most popular home football club is Persija, which plays its matches in their home stadium at Bung Karno Stadium. The home match of Persija often draws its large fan – cladded with Persija's typical orange kit – to watch the match in the main stadium. The large spectators flocking to the main stadium usually worsen the traffic congestion in Jakarta. Another premiere division team is Persitara which plays its matches in the Kamal Muara Stadium in Kamal area.
The biggest stadium in Jakarta is the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium with a capacity of 88,083 seats.[76] The Senayan sports complex has several sport venues, including the Bung Karno soccer stadium, Madya Stadium, Istora Senayan, aquatic arena, baseball field, basketball court, badminton court, a shooting range, several indoor and outdoor tennis court and a golf driving range. The Senayan complex was built in 1959 to accommodate the Asian Games in 1962. For basketball, the Kelapa Gading Sport Mall in Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team.
The Jakarta Car-Free Days are held weekly on Sunday on the main avenues of the city, Jalan Sudirman and Jalan Thamrin, from 6 am to 11 am. The briefer Car-Free Day which lasts from only 6 am to 9 am is held on every other Sunday. The event invites local pedestrians to do sports and exercise and have their activities on the streets that are normally full of cars and traffic. Along the road from the Senayan traffic circle on Jalan Sudirman, South Jakarta, to the "Selamat Datang" Monument at the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle on Jalan Thamrin, all the way north to the National Monument in Central Jakarta, cars are cleared out for pedestrians. Morning gymnastics, calisthenics and aerobic exercises, futsal games, jogging, bicycling, skateboarding, badminton, karate, and on-street library and musical performances take over the roads and the main parks in Jakarta.[77]

Transportation

See also: Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit

Jakarta pedestrians, joggers and bicyclists take over the main avenue during Car-Free Day.

Taxi in Jakarta.
With 28 million people in the metropolitan area, nearly 10 million vehicles in daily use, and no rapid transit system[78] Jakarta is strained by transportation problems.[79] The city suffers a lack of urban public transport services due to prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.[80] Most trips, however, are undertaken by non-motorized transportation (particularly walking) and numerous modes of public or demand-responsive transportation services.[81]
Transport mode No. trips ('000)  % share
walking 14,073 37.7
small bus 7,818 20.9
motorcycle 4,890 13.1
sedan/MPV/SUV 2,783 7.5
medium bus 2,012 5.4
large bus 1,224 3.3
ojek (motorcycle taxi) 1,073 2.9
bicycle 787 2.1
school/company bus 466 1.2
economy train 434 1.2
patas AC (bus) 422 1.1
colt/mini cab 298 0.8
omprengan 295 0.8
bajaj 217 0.6
becak 202 0.5
pick up 131 0.4
taxi 126 0.3
express train 39 0.1
truck 33 0.1
other 8 0.0
total 37,330 100
[82]

Road


Some major roads in Jakarta are implementing 3 passengers in a car regulation during rush hours.
A structured road network had been developed in the early 19th century as a part of the Java Great Post Road by former Governor-General Daendels, which connects most major cities throughout Java. During the following decades, the road network was expanded to a great extent, although it could not keep up with the rapidly increasing numbers of motorized vehicles, resulting in highly congested traffic.
A notable feature of Jakarta's present road system is the toll road network. Composed of an inner and outer ring road and five toll roads radiating outwards, the network provides inner as well as outer city connections. The outer ring road is under construction, but it is largely in use. Six elevated toll roads are in tender progress.
See also: List of toll roads in Indonesia
The five radiating toll roads are the:
Throughout the years, several attempts have been made to reduce traffic congestion on Jakarta’s main arteries. Implemented solutions include a 'three-in-one' rush-hour law, during which cars with fewer than three passengers are prohibited from driving on the main avenues. Another example is the ban on trucks passing main avenues during the day.[83]

Public road transportation

In 1966, an estimated 160 thousand pedicabs (becak) operated in the city; as much as 15% of Jakarta's total workforce was engaged in becak driving. In 1971, becak were banned from major roads, and shortly thereafter the government attempted a total ban, which substantially reduced their numbers but did not eliminate them. A campaign to eliminate them succeeded in 1990 and 1991, but during the economic crisis of 1998, some returned amid less effective government attempts to control them.[84]
"Auto rickshaws", called bajaj, provide local transportation in the back streets of some parts of the city. From the early 1940s to 1991 they were a common form of local transportation in the city.

A TransJakarta bus
The TransJakarta bus rapid transit service (known as Busway) was developed in the context of development reforms (or reformasi) and used Bogota's TransMilenio system as a model.[85] Jakarta's first busway line, from Blok M to Jakarta Kota opened in January 2004 and as of 14 February 2013, twelve out of fifteen corridors are in use.
The Kopaja and MetroMini economy minibus systems also provide important services for Jakarta commuters with numerous routes throughout the city.
Although ojeks are not an official form of public transport, they can be found throughout Indonesia and in Jakarta. They are especially useful on the crowded urban roads and narrow alleyways, which other vehicles cannot reach. In November 2011, Taxijek was launched in Jakarta. It is essentially a taxi, but with a motorcycle instead of an automobile. Besides a taximeter and the company's driver identity card, the passenger has access to a helmet, disposable shower caps to use underneath the helmet and an extra raincoat. Contrary to common ojeks, Taxijeks are allowed to enter gated communities and they usually charge a lower fare.[86]

Electronic Road Pricing

Due to the city's acute gridlock, the Jakarta administration will implement Electronic Road Pricing in 10 districts: Tanah Abang, Menteng, Setiabudi, Tebet, Matraman, Senen, Gambir, Tambora, Sawah Besar and Taman Sari. The projects will initiate once approved by the Finance Ministry.[87]

Railway


A KRL Jabotabek commuter train
As of 2013 plans were underway to invest $4 billion in mass transit over the next few years including commencement of a subway.[78]
Long-distance railways and local tram services were first introduced during the Dutch colonial era. While the trams were replaced with buses in the post-colonial era, long-distance railways continued to connect the city to its neighbouring regions as well as cities throughout Java. The surrounding cities of Jakarta are served by KRL Jabotabek, a mass rapid transit system which serves commuters both in and around Jakarta. The major rail stations are Gambir, Jakarta Kota, Jatinegara, Pasar Senen, Manggarai, and Tanah Abang. During rush hours, the number of passengers greatly exceeds the system's capacity, and crowding is common.
There had been plans for a monorail and part of it was already under construction, but the project stalled in 2004 and was officially abandoned as of 2008, mostly due to a lack of investors to fund it all. If completed, the monorail would have been made up of two lines: the green line serving Semanggi-Casablanca Road-Kuningan-Semanggi and the blue line serving Kampung Melayu-Casablanca Road-Tanah Abang-Roxy.[88]
A two-line metro (MRT) system is under construction, with a north-south line between Kota and Lebak Bulus; and an east-west line, which will connect to the north-south line at Sawah Besar Station. In the end the JMRT will be a combination of both subways and elevated rails. Preparation works started in April 2012,[89] with the first, 15.2 km-long line between Hotel Indonesia and Lebak Bulus, and the north-south line MRT network is scheduled to be operational by 2016.[90] The Jakarta Capital City Government had decided to build rail-based mass transits because this type of transport is capable of carrying passengers in large quantities quickly and cheaply.[91]

Air


Front view of Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Terminal 3.
Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (CGK) is the main airport serving the greater Jakarta area. The airport is named after the first President of Indonesia, Soekarno, and the first vice-president, Mohammad Hatta. The airport is often called Cengkareng or Soetta by Indonesians. The airport's IATA code, CGK, originates from the name of the Cengkareng locality,[92] a district situated to the northwest of the city. It is Indonesia's busiest airport handling over 50 million passengers annually.[93] A second airport, Halim Perdanakusuma Airport (HLP) serves mostly private and VIP/presidential flights. Other airports in the Jabotabek metropolitan area include Pondok Cabe Airport and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the Thousand Island archipelago.

Waterway

On 6 June 2007, the city administration introduced the Waterway (officially Angkutan Sungai), a new river boat service along the Ciliwung River.[79][94] However, because of the large amount of floating garbage which kept jamming the propeller, it is no longer in service. The varying water levels during the dry and wet seasons were also a contributing factor to the close-down.

Sea

Jakarta's main seaport Tanjung Priok serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. Tanjung Priok is the largest seaport in Indonesia, with an annual traffic capacity of around 45 million tonnes of cargo and 4,000,000 TEU's. The port is also an important employer in the area, with more than 18,000 employees who provide services to more than 18,000 ships every year. The Port of Jakarta has 20 terminals: general cargo, multipurpose terminal, scraps terminal, passenger terminal, dry bulk terminal, liquid bulk terminal, oil terminal, chemicals terminal and three container terminals, 76 berths, a quay length of 16,853 metres, a total storage area of 661,822 m2 and a storage capacity of 401,468 tonnes.[95]
In December 2011, Muara Angke Port has been renovated yet with cost Rp130 billion ($14.4 million) in 3 hectares area. Next, Muara Angke Port will be used for public transport port to Thousand Islands, while Marina Ancol Port will be used as tourist ship port.[96]

Education

See also: List of universities in Indonesia and List of schools in Indonesia

Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia.
Jakarta is home to a number of universities, of which the University of Indonesia is the largest. It is a state-owned university with campuses in Salemba and Depok.[97] Some of mayor private schools located in Jakarta are Trisakti, Tarumanagara. Atma Jaya and Bina Nusantara.
STOVIA (School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen) was the first high school in Jakarta, established in 1851.[98] As the largest city and the capital, Jakarta houses a large number of students from various parts of Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories or home-stay residences. For basic education, there are a variety of primary and secondary schools, tagged with public (national), private (national and bi-lingual national plus) and international schools. Four of the major international schools located in Jakarta are the Gandhi Memorial International School, IPEKA International Christian School, Jakarta International School and the British International School (BIS). Other international schools include the Jakarta International Korean School, Bina Bangsa School, Jakarta International Multicultural School,[99] Australian International School,[100] New Zealand International School,[101] Singapore International School, and Sekolah Pelita Harapan.[102]

International relations

Jakarta signed sister city agreement with other cities, one of them is Casablanca, Morocco's largest city, that have signed sister city agreement on Sept. 21, 1990. To promote friendship between two cities, Jalan Casablanca, a main avenue famous for its shopping and business centers in South Jakarta, was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. Currently there is no street in Casablanca named after Jakarta, however on the other hand in Rabat, Morocco's capital city, an avenue was named after Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 also as a token of friendship.[103]

Twin towns – Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia
Asia
  1. Proposed Flag of Islamabad Capital Territory.svg Islamabad, Pakistan
  2. Emblem of Tokyo.svg Tokyo, Japan
  3. China Beijing, China
  4. Ph seal ncr manila.svg Manila, Philippines
  5. Seal of Kuala Lumpur.svg Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  6. Seal of Seoul.svg Seoul, South Korea[104][105]
  7. Flag of Abu Dhabi.svg Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  8. Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia.svg Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  9. North Korea Pyongyang, North Korea
  10. Hanoi Logo.svg Hanoi, Vietnam
  11. Seal Bangkok.png Bangkok, Thailand
  12. Iran Yazd, Iran
Europe
  1. Country symbol of Berlin color.svg Berlin, Germany[106]
  2. Lesser Coat of Arms of The City of London.svg London, United Kingdom
  3. Coats of arms of None.svg Istanbul, Turkey
  4. Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg Moscow, Russia
  5. Rotterdam wapen klein.svg Rotterdam, Netherlands
  6. Blason paris 75.svg Paris, France
America
  1. Arms of Seal of Los Angeles, California.svg Los Angeles, USA
  2. Arms of New York City.svg New York City, USA
Africa
  1. Flag of Casablanca province.svg Casablanca, Morocco[103]

See also

Portal icon Indonesia portal

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    Banjir Jakarta 2013

    Banjir Jakarta 2013 adalah bencana banjir yang melanda Jakarta dan sekitarnya pada pertengahan Januari 2013 yang menyebabkan Jakarta dinyatakan dalam keadaan darurat. Banjir ini sebenarnya sudah dimulai sejak Desember 2012, dan baru mencapai puncaknya pada Januari 2013.

    Penyebab

    Selain curah hujan yang tinggi sejak Desember 2012, sistem drainase yang buruk, dan jebolnya berbagai tanggul di wilayah Jakarta, banjir ini juga disebabkan meningkatnya volume 13 sungai yang melintasi Jakarta. Tercatat Bogor Bekasi, Depok, dan Tangerang juga mengalami hal yang sama pada masa ini.

    Curah hujan

    Hingga pertengahan Januari 2013, Jakarta tercatat mencapai rekor curah hujan hingga 250-300mm, melebihi kondisi Banjir Jakarta 2002 yang mencapai 200mm, namun masih di bawah kondisi Banjir Jakarta 2007 yang mencapai 340mm.
    Kepala BPPT, Tri Handoko Seto, menyatakan bahwa gelombang atmosfer, angin muson, dan osilasi diurnal menyebabkan tingginya curah hujan ini. Massa udara dari laut China selatan dan India bergerak ke selatan menuju pusat tekanan rendah di Australia. Massa udara ini kemudian mengalami pembelokan di sekitar Jakarta, akibat tekanan rendah di Samudera Indonesia, di sebelah barat daya Jakarta.

    Masalah drainase

    Tingginya curah hujan di kawasan bisnis MH Thamrin membuat jalanan tergenang pada tanggal 22 Desember, mulai dari Sarinah, Sabang hingga Monumen Nasional. . Kepala Dinas PU DKI Jakarta, Ery Basworo, menyatakan tingginya curah hujan sebagai penyebab buruknya genangan dan menyangkal adanya masalah drainase dan sampah. Buruknya genangan disebabkan pompa yang telah disediakan tidak mampu mengimbangi tingginya aliran air yang hendak dipindahkan ke Kanal Banjir Barat.
    Namun pendapat ini dibantah oleh Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum melalui Menteri Djoko Kirmanto, yang menegaskan masalah sampah yang menyumbat drainase dan menghalangi aliran air menuju pompa yang telah terpasang. Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum juga menjanjikan alokasi dana hingga 18 Triliun rupiah untuk mengatasi masalah banjir di Jakarta.
    Hal ini diperkuat lagi oleh fakta bahwa gorong-gorong di sekitar wilayah tersebut yang ternyata hanya berukuran 60 sentimeter, dan belum pernah dibangun lagi semenjak tahun 1970an. Inisiatif Gubernur DKI Jakarta, Joko Widodo untuk memeriksa drainase di Jalan MH Thamrin, membuat hal tersebut terungkap kepada publik dan akhirnya memunculkan ide untuk membangun Smart Tunnel untuk membantu mempercepat mengalirnya air ke laut.

    Kerusakan tanggul

    Sejak akhir tahun, telah terjadi beberapa kerusakan tanggul, dimulai dari tanggul di Kali Adem, Muara Angke, Penjaringan, Jakarta Utara, pada tanggal 13 Desember 2012. Kerusakan tanggul ini menyebabkan 500 rumah warga terendam air laut, serta dua warga hanyut. Akhirnya ratusan gubuk liar dibongkar untuk mempermudah masuknya alat berat guna memperbaiki tanggul. Lurah Pluit menjelaskan hempasan air laut pasang yang menggerus tanggul yang menyebabkan kerusakan ini.[12]

    Banjir di Jl. Rasuna Said, Setiabudi, Kuningan, Jakarta Selatan
    Musibah kembali menyusul pada tanggal 20 Desember 2012, dengan jebolnya tanggul di Kali Cipinang. Akibatnya 979 warga terpaksa mengungsi ke GOR Makassar serta Jalan Pusdiklat Depnaker dan Jalan Masjid Suprapto tergenang, menutupi akses warga Pinang Ranti menuju Halim. Diketahui buruknya konstruksi tanggul yang tidak menggunakan rangka menyebabkan rusaknya tanggul ini.
    Tanggul Kali Laya, Pekayon, Jakarta Timur, menyusul pada tanggal 24 Desember 2012, sehingga air merendam pemukiman sekitarnya. Dinding sungai yang mengalami kerusakan memiliki tinggi dua meter.
    Pada Tanggal 15 Januari 2013, menyusul tanggul di Kedoya Selatan, Kebun Jeruk, jebol dan menyebabkan banjir setinggi dua meter. Tanggul ini juga tercatat memiliki konstruksi buruk karena hanya dibuat dari karung pasir, sehingga tidak kuat menahan air Kali Pesanggrahan. Warga diungsikan ke bagian timur rel Pesing, namun kebanyakan bertahan di rumah masing-masing
    Pada tanggal 17 Januari 2013, tanggul Kanal Banjir Barat, di daerah Latuharhari juga jebol dan menyebabkan terendamnya kawasan perumahan mewah di Menteng dan berbagai kawasan bisnis di pusat kota. Perbaikan segera dilakukan namun terhambat arus lalu lintas.

    Dampak

    Menurut perkiraan Gubernur DKI Jakarta, banjir ini telah menyebabkan kerugian hingga Rp 20 Triliun[17]. Sementara pengusaha, melalui Ketua Asosiasi Pengusaha Indonesia Sofjan Wanandi, mengklaim terjadinya kerugian ekonomi lebih dari Rp 1 Triliun. Selain itu Rp 1 Miliar harus dikeluarkan untuk menyiapkan kebutuhan pengungsi.[18] Perusahaan Listrik Negara juga memiliki taksiran kerugian 116 Miliar akibat terganggunya fungsi pembangkit dan peralatan distribusi dan transmisi yang mengalami kerusakan akibat tergenang air.
    Selain secara ekonomi, banjir juga menelan 20 korban jiwa dan 33.500 orang terpaksa mengungsi.

    Korban

    Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana menyatakan jumlah resmi korban yang tercatat selama banjir Jakarta 2013, pada tanggal 18 Januari 2013, adalah 12 orang, dengan rincian 5 orang karena disetrum listrik, 2 orang karena kedinginan, 2 orang karena terpeleset atau jatuh, 1 orang karena hanyut, 1 orang karena usia lanjut, dan 1 orang sudah ditemukan meninggal di rumah. . Data ini diperbaharui kembali pada tanggal 22 Januari menjadi 20 korban jiwa, dan 33.502 orang terpaksa mengungsi

    Terendamnya Gedung UOB

    Jebolnya tanggul Johannes Latuharhary menyebabkan air mengalir deras hingga ke Bundaran HI. Lantai bawah tanah dari Gedung UOB yang memiliki ketinggian lantai dasar hampir sama dengan jalan dalam sekejap terendam. Selama proses pengeringan, ditemukan korban 2 orang meninggal, dan 2 lainnya dalam kondisi lemas dan kaku karena terendam air dalam waktu yang lama Selain itu ditemukan setidaknya 47 mobil terendam di lantai basement 1 dan 2.

    Penanggulangan

    Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk mengatasi berbagai masalah yang terjadi selama banjir, antara lain dengan memperbaiki tanggul, pendirian posko bantuan di titik-titik yang terkena banjir, relokasi pengungsi ke rumah susun, hingga pengumuman status darurat banjir.

    Relokasi pengungsi Waduk Pluit

    Pada tanggal 18 Januari, menyusul jebolnya tanggul latuharhari, daerah Pluit ikut terendam. Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta kemudian menawarkan relokasi kepada penghuni rumah liar di sekitar Waduk Pluit untuk pindah ke rumah susun yang diberikan fasilitas sangat lengkap, dengan alasan mengurangi dampak banjir di masa depan dan memungkinkan peralatan berat bekerja untuk mengeruk waduk. [24]

    Modifikasi cuaca

    Setelah adanya permintaan dari DKI Jakarta, mulai tanggal 26 Januari hingga 25 Maret 2013, BPPT dan BNPB melakukan upaya modifikasi cuaca, dengan cara mencegah pembentukan awan dan menurunkan hujan di luar wilayah rawan banjir. Untuk kerjasama ini, BNPB mengeluarkan biaya hingga Rp 13 Miliar. Proyek serupa pernah sukses dijalankan di SEA Games Palembang dan PON 18 Riau.
    Pengendalian cuaca dilakukan dengan mengerahkan 1 Hercules C-130 dan 3 peswat CASA 212-200 untuk mempercepat awan menjadi hujan. Sedangkan untuk menghambat pertumbuhan awan dipasang 25 titik GBG (Ground Based Generator) yang membakar flare berisi bahan higroskopis (NaCl). Proyek ini juga didukung 3 radar hujan dan 6 stasiun pos meteorologi.

    Keadaan darurat banjir

    Pada tanggal 17 Januari 2013, Gubernur DKI Jakarta, Joko Widodo, mengumumkan status darurat banjir untuk Jakarta setelah jatuhnya 5 korban jiwa dan 15.447 warga terpaksa mengungsi. Pada saat itu, BNPB mencatat banjir telah menggenangi 500 RT, 203 RW di 44 kelurahan yang tersebar di 25 kecamatan.

    Pernah Usai

    • Penulis :
    • Alfiyyatur Rohmah
    • Jumat, 26 April 2013 | 17:58 WIB
    Banjir di Kedoya Selatan pada Jumat (5/4/2013) setinggi 1,2 meter. Banjir mulai masuk ke pemukiman warga sekitar pukul 03.00 WIB dini hari. | Alfiyyatur Rohmah
    JAKARTA, KOMPAS.com — Suku Dinas PU Tata Air mendesak Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta untuk segera merealisasikan pembangunan Sungai Cengkareng Drain II. Cengkareng Drain II ini nantinya akan mengatasi masalah banjir di Jakarta Barat dan wilayah Tangerang, seperti Ciledug Indah.
    "Kalau Cengkareng Drain II tak segera dibangun, masalah banjir di Jakarta Barat tak akan pernah selesai," kata Kasudin PU Tata Air Jakarta Barat Wagiman di kantornya, Jumat (26/4/2013).
    Wagiman mengungkapkan, sungai tersebut akan dibangun mulai dari paguyuban Sungai Cantika di perbatasan Karang Tengah; Kelurahan Karang Timur, Tangerang; kemudian melewati Sungai Angke di Kembangan; melintasi sungai di Cengkareng sampai Penjaringan untuk bermuara di laut di Jakarta Utara. Panjang sungai tersebut rencananya akan sama dengan Kanal Timur, yaitu sepanjang 20 kilometer.
    Dengan dibangunnya sungai tersebut, kata Wagiman, masalah banjir di Rawa Buaya, Jalan Daan Mogot, dan wilayah langganan banjir di Tangerang, seperti di Ciledug Indah, akan bebas dari banjir. Akan tetapi, pembangunan tersebut masih memerlukan waktu yang sangat panjang mengingat harus ada pembebasan lahan milik warga yang akan digusur untuk pembangunan tersebut.
    Wagiman melanjutkan, pihaknya sudah membicarakan pembangunan sungai tersebut kepada Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Wakil Gubernur pun memberikan respons positif mengenai wacana pembangunan sungai tersebut. Sementara  tenggat waktunya masih memerlukan waktu yang sangat panjang melihat saat ini pembangunan tersebut masih dalam wacana dan perhitungan Pemprov DKI Jakarta.
    Dalam pembangunan tersebut, anggaran dana diakomodasi oleh Dinas PU Pemprov DKI mengenai pembebasan lahan dan pembangunan sungai tersebut. Nantinya, Dinas PU yang akan membagi tugas kepada suku dinas dalam membantu pembangunannya.
    "Anggarannya, kan, dipegang semua oleh dinas sehingga kami hanya melakukan apa yang diperintahkan oleh dinas," katanya.
    Sebelumnya, Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta berencana membangun Kali Cengkareng Drain II. Rencana pembangunan itu terutama ditujukan utuk mengatasi masalah banjir di Ibu Kota.
    Pembangunan Cengkareng Drain II diperkirakan memakan waktu sampai 10 tahun mendatang mengingat harus dilakukannya pembebasan lahan. Wakil Kepala Dinas PU DKI Jakarta Tarjuki mengatakan, kajian pembangunan Kali Cengkareng Drain II sudah dilakukan Dinas Pekerjaan Umum DKI pada tahun 2008.

 Banjir Jakarta 2013, Tumpukan Masalah Ibu Kota

Dalam sekejap, dinyatakan status Jakarta darurat banjir.

banjir,jakartaBanjir menenggelamkan Jalan Thamrin di kawasan Bundaran HI, Kamis (17/1). (Gloria Samantha)
Warga Jakarta menghadapi musibah besar tatkala banjir melanda seluruh wilayah Kota Jakarta pada Kamis (17/1), dan melumpuhkan segala akses.
Tak hanya layaknya banjir empat hari terakhir yang dialami oleh beberapa titik, wilayah yang memiliki daya dukung lingkungan lemah, banjir satu ini terbilang hampir merata. Kawasan Bundaran HI di jantung Jakarta serta Istana Negara pun tidak luput dari kepungan banjir. Dalam sekejap, status Jakarta darurat banjir diberlakukan hingga sepuluh hari ke depan.
Hujan turun sejak malam hari beranjak subuh, dengan intensitas yang tinggi disertai petir. Peringatan dini mulai disampaikan Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG) pada pukul 08.00 WIB.
Namun cuaca ekstrem tidak bisa terus disalahkan, menurut sejumlah pakar di beberapa bidang, banjir Jakarta merupakan gabungan dari faktor cuaca ekstrem dan lebih-lebih, faktor kompleksitas Jakarta.
Jika dilihat dari curah hujannya pun, curah hujan pada periode Januari 2013 lebih rendah dibanding curah hujan saat banjir Jakarta tahun 2007 lalu. Artinya, situasi ini terjadi melibatkan masalah penataan air dan penataan ruang. Tata ruang Jakarta butuh pengendalian yang berorientasi antara lain pada kepadatan populasi dan pemisahan area.
Secara geografis, Jakarta adalah kota yang berada di delta dan rentan terhadap banjir. Ahli hidrologi di Pusat Studi Bencana UGM Yogyakarta Sudibyakto, menjelaskan, banjir meningkat baik frekuensi maupun intensitasnya oleh karena kerusakan lingkungan kian parah.
"Kapasitas tampung Sungai Ciliwung sudah terlampaui, akibat pendangkalan dan adanya penambahan intensitas air permukaan. Sumbangan air limpasan dari sistem jalan tol juga sangat signifikan. Koefisien aliran di jalan tol mendekati 90 persen," kata Sudibyakto.
Arsitek dan urban planner Marco Kusumawijaya dari Rujak Center for Urban Studies (RCUS), mengetengahkan bahwa permasalahan aliran air di permukaan terus bertambah karena tanah tidak mampu lagi meresapkan air.
"Kami usulkan pendekatan lestari, yaitu perbaikan lahan di hulu dan hilir, supaya menyerap air lebih banyak. Ketimbang memilih pendekatan infrastruktur dengan membuat saluran dan kanal," ujarnya.
Kapasitas masyarakat
Di samping itu, aspek budaya masyarakat menjadi satu pekerjaan rumah lagi yang perlu dibenahi.
banjir,jakartaBanjir menggenangi kawasan Bundaran HI, Jakarta, Kamis (17/1). Para pekerja di sekitar lokasi terpaksa dievakuasi menggunakan perahu karet. (Gloria Samantha/NGI).
Hery Harjono, Direktur Asia Pasific Center for Ecohydrology (APCE)—perwakilan lembaga untuk UNESCO yang dibiayai pemerintah di bawah LIPI, yang secara terpisah dijumpai National Geographic pada sebuah kesempatan di Jakarta pada awal minggu ini, menyatakan, "Pembangunan kapasitas masyarakat di segala lapisan haruslah ditingkatkan untuk mengurangi risiko bencana banjir."
Hery mengingatkan, persepsi masyarakat dalam menanggapi bencana kerap menjadi hambatan di lapangan. Contoh, banyak masyarakat tidak mau mengevakuasi diri bila bencana sudah terjadi, apalagi pindah dari huniannya yang rata-rata rawan banjir tersebut. Kalau saja pembangunan kapasitas masyarakat tidak mendukung, maka segala skenario penanggulangan bencana akan percuma.
Ia juga berpendapat teknologi dan pengetahuan mampu mengatasi banjir Jakarta, meski tidak mudah dalam jangka waktu pendek. "Sekarang masalahnya sudah menumpuk jadi satu. Tapi saya yakin bisa direhabilitasi, diselesaikan, dengan upaya tinggi melalui edukasi yang baik, kebijakan pengelolaan sumber daya air yang baik."
Masyarakat Jakarta serta-merta diimbau menuju kepada masyarakat tangguh bencana, yang antisipatif dan adaptif menghadapi bencana. Terutama banjir yang terus berulang di saat puncak hujan sampai setumpuk masalah dapat diatasi.
(Gloria Samantha. Sumber: Kompas)


Dampak banjir yang melanda Ibukota Jakarta

Jumat, Januari 18, 2013  , , ,  No comments

Bencana banjir yang melanda beberapa wilayah Indonesia di awal tahun ini, semakin banyak mengusik ketenangan masyarakat.  Aktivitas angin muson di seputar benua Asia menyebabkan curah hujan di Sumatera bagian selatan dan Jawa semakin meningkat. Di Kalimantan aktifitas angin bertiup begitu kencang disertai hujan lebat dan mulai memporakporandakan sejumlah bangunan serta sejumlah pohon bertumbangan kondisi seperti ini juga sering menimbulkan munculnya angin puting beliung yang sering melanda beberapa tempat di kawasan ini. | Image |
Banjir yang melanda ibu kota Jakarta telah melumpuhkan aktivitas warga terutama transportasi jalan, bandara maupun stasiun kereta.  Situasi ini juga diprediksi akan melemahkan perekonomian Jakarta, akibat banyaknya kantor-kantor baik swasta maupun pemerintahan tidak beroperasi akibat akses staf maupun karyawan menuju kantor terhadang banjir selain beberapa kantor juga mengalami genangan banjir. 
Jakarta yang juga merupakan sentral bisnis di Indonesia mengalami gangguan dalam aktivitas ekonomi akibat terhentinya putaran ekonomi akibat banjir menyerang kawasan-kawasan sentral ekonomi seperti ruas jalan ibu kota, bundaran HI, bandara, terminal, stasiun juga kawasan industri pulogadung yang kebanyakan industri pergudangan dan transportasi yang mendistribusikan bahan-bahan pokok di Indonesia.  | Referensi |
Persoalan yang melanda ibu kota Jakarta saat ini hendaknya jangan sampai membuat pemerintah mengabaikan fungsi-fungsi pemerintahan, mengingat persoalan di Jakarta ini juga akan memicu ketidakstabilan pemerintahan dan ekonomi di daerah-daerah yang dikarenakan akses menuju Jakarta menjadi tertunda.  Dengan cara apapun aktivitas pemerintahan maupun ekonomi yang menjadi barometer pembangunan di Indonesia harus terus diupayakan demi ratusan juta penduduk Indonesia yang menunggu tindakan pemerintah untuk tetap mengupayakan stabilitas pemerintahan maupun ekonomi negara. 
Kita tentunya tidak berharap persoalan di Jakarta menjadi seperti bola salju yang berguling semakin besar dan menjadi persoalan nasional.  Terganggunya akitivitas pemerintahan dan ekonomi akibat demonstrasi besar di masa sebelumnya sudah bisa dirasakan dampaknya di daerah-daerah.  Dan tentunya hal paling penting bagi pemerintah adalah mencegah jatuhnya korban yang semakin banyak.  | Image |
Perlu kita pahami bahwa persoalan di Jakarta tentu tidaklah sama dengan Tsunami yang melanda Aceh beberapa waktu lalu, meskipun tergolong bencana skala besar namun dampaknya secara ekonomi mapun stabilitas pemerintahan tidak besar dan hanya memberikan dampak sosial secara emosional, namun mengingat Jakarta merupakan Ibukota Negara yang juga barometer ekonomi di Indonesia maupun asia tenggara, tentu akan terasa sekali dampaknya bagi masyarakat.  Harapan kita semoga Jakarta tetap tegar melalui hari-hari beratnya dan tetap fokus menatap harapan yang lebih baik lagi.


 Ilustrasi/Jibiphoto



Newswire
JAKARTA--Radar Cuaca Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT) menunjukkan, angin musim timur laut atau northeasterly monsoon surge dari Laut China Selatan menyebabkan curah hujan tinggi yang mengakibatkan banjir di wilayah Jakarta dan sekitarnya pada Kamis (17/1).
"Fenomena ini menyebabkan debit Sungai Ciliwung pada tanggal 17 lebih dari 650 m3/detik, sehingga meluap melampaui tanggul, dan menyebabkan banjir di pusat kota Jakarta," kata Kepala Bidang Teknologi Mitigasi Bencana BPPT, Udrekh.
BPPT memasang dua unit Multi Parameter Radar (MPR) di lapangan Monumen Nasional Jakarta, Jumat (18/1).
Teknologi radar cuaca itu mampu memantau pergerakan curah hujan ekstrem dengan resolusi 500 meter (ukuran sel terkecil yang dapat dideteksi) yang datanya dapat disediakan setiap enam menit.
Data pergerakan curah hujan itu merupakan dasar penting untuk mendeteksi fenomena ekstrem yang dapat menyebabkan banjir.
Informasi sebaran hujan, intensitas hujan, dan informasi pendukung lainnya juga ditampilkan dalam bentuk informasi spasial yang dapat diakses oleh masyarakat dan pengambil keputusan melalui web, sms, smartphone maupun jejaring sosial.
Sistem informasi hujan dan genangan berbasis keruangan yang dinamakan "Sijampang" itu dikembangkan BPPT sejak 2009 dan cukup handal untuk memberikan peringatan dini banjir kepada masyarakat oleh pengambil keputusan, kata Udrekh.
BPPT, menurut dia, juga sudah memperkirakan curah hujan tinggi yang menyebabkan banjir di Jakarta pada Kamis 17 Januari 2013.
"Kondisi curah hujan yang tinggi ini diprediksi masih akan berlanjut sampai petengahan Februari 2013," katanya.
Untuk mencegah banjir, BPPT dan BNPB sedang mempersiapkan Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca (TMC) dengan tiga metode.
Metode pertama yang digunakan adalah percepatan proses awan menjadi hujan terhadap awan-awan yang sedang tumbuh di daerah upwind yang bergerak memasuki Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) di sekitar Jakarta.
"Diharapkan awan-awan tersebut akan turun menjadi hujan sebelum masuk DAS. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan menggunakan armada pesawat terbang BPPT," ujarnya.
Metode berikutnya, mengganggu proses pertumbuhan awan di DAS yang bergerak meninggalkan DAS agar awan tidak menjadi hujan di atas DAS. Metode ini dieksekusi menggunakan peralatan darat dan atau pesawat berbahan semi flare.
Selain itu metode dengan memberikan gangguan pada awan besar yang tetap tumbuh agar curah hujan yang turun ke permukaan tanah berkurang
"Metode ini dieksekusi menggunakan pesawat yang mampu terbang pada ketinggian di atas 20 ribu kaki dengan menggunakan bahan semai inti es," katanya.
Menurut dia, penggunaan Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca dapat mengurangi curah hujan di DAS Jakarta sampai lebih dari 30%. (Antara/aw)
Editor: Andhina Wulandari



6 Penyebab Banjir Besar Jakarta

6 Penyebab Banjir Besar Jakarta
Kondisi lalu lintas di sekitar bundaran Hotel Indonesia, Jakarta, (17/1) yang penuh dengan genangan banjir sehingga menyebabkan kemacetan yang cukup panjang. Foto Ichwan Hanuranto Untuk tempo
Besar Kecil Normal
TEMPO.CO , Jakarta--Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika mengumumkan, hujan lebat dan sangat lebat berpotensi berlanjut hari ini, Jumat 18 Januari 2013 hingga lusa. Sama seperti yang sudah terjadi sejak awal bulan ini, hujan merata se Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang.

Kepala Sub Bidang Informasi Meteorologi BMKG Hary Tirto pernah menjelaskan kalau level tanah di Jakarta sebenarnya sudah jenuh oleh hujan lebat 2-3 jam yang rajin datang sejak awal bulan. "Kalau tanah sudah jenuh, hujan berapa jam pun akan menimbulkan genangan," katanya Selasa lalu.

Tanah yang sudah jenuh itu masih harus 'menanggung' air dari luapan sungai di banyak tempat. Berdasarkan data Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana, kemampuan Kali Ciliwung hilir, Angke, Pesanggrahan dan Krukut bahkan hanya mampu mengalirkan kurang dari 30% banjir yang ada. “Tidak heran jika selalu banjir,” kata Kepala Pusat Data, Informasi, dan Humas BNPB, Sutopo Purwo Nugroho.

Fungsi sungai mandul karena penyempitan dan pendangkalan itu diperparah dengan kondisi di hulu yang juga sudah rusak. Air hujan yang jatuh di sana tak banyak lagi yang bisa terserap ke dalam tanah. Mereka banyak tergelontor ke dalam sungai-sungai yang bermuara ke ibu kota.

Profil aktual dari kawasan Puncak, Bogor, ini diungkap Pusat Pengkajian Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah Institut Pertanian Bogor yang menyebutkan bahwa laju pembangunan yang tak terkendali menyebabkan hilangnya fungsi resapan air di kawasan Puncak. “Kehilangan fungsi resapan hingga 50 persen dibandingkan kondisi 15 tahun lalu,” kata Kepala Pusat Studi Bencana IPB, Profesor Euis Sunarti.

Koordinator Komunitas Peduli Ciliwung, Een Irawan, juga menyatakan kalau kondisi Daerah Aliran Sungai Ciliwung semakin parah dari tahun ke tahun. Gejalanya, menurut dia, dapat dilihat secara kasat mata yakni ketika debit meninggi dan sungai meluap: airnya coklat gelap.

Itu, kata Een, pertanda material tanah ikut terbawa aliran. "Ketika turun hujan di Puncak, debit Ciliwung pasti naik sehingga menyebabkan banjir di Jakarta."

Di luar tiga faktor penyebab itu, banjir di sebagian wilayah di Jakarta juga dituding disebabkan oleh penurunan muka tanah akibat eksploitasi air tanah yang berlebihan. Kepala Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Ery Basworo menyatakan ini ketika menjelaskan mengapa ruas Jalan Daan Mogot dan sebagian titik di Jakarta Barat bisa ikut terendam.

Penurunan tanah yang mencapai 10 sentimeter per tahun jelas mampu menciptakan cekungan. “Ini banyak di Jakarta Barat dan Jakarta Utara,” katanya.

Faktor penyebab banjir besar di Jakarta ini bisa bertambah jika memperhitungkan laut yang juga mulai pasang pertengahan bulan ini. Atau, ruang terbuka hijau di Jakarta yang selama ini mendapat kritik karena tak sampai memenuhi syarat minimal, yakni 30 persen dari luas wilayah. Taman-taman dan daerah resapan air di Jakarta sejauh ini hanya menghimpun tak sampai 10 persen luas ibu kota. 


Ilustrasi: Warga berjalan melintas air banjir di Kampung Pulo, Kampung Melayu, Jakarta Timur, Kamis (10/1/2013). Banjir akibat luapan Ciliwung itu akan semakin sering terjadi karena tingginya curah hujan. | KOMPAS/WISNU WIDIANTORO
 JAKARTA, KOMPAS.com — Pakar air Universitas Indonesia (UI), Firdaus Ali, menyatakan bahwa banjir besar yang kembali terulang di Jakarta saat ini, salah satunya, dipicu kondisi tanah yang jenuh. Hal itu menyebabkan proses peresapan air menjadi tak optimal.

Selain itu, kondisi drainase di Jakarta yang buruk pun memperparah keadaan. Firdaus menjelaskan, seluruh volume air di Jakarta dapat ditampung melalui dua media, yakni yang mengalir di sungai, dan yang meresap ke dalam tanah. Dengan kondisi tanah Jakarta yang jenuh, akibatnya hanya 15 persen yang mampu terserap dan sisanya tumpah di permukaan.

"Tanah jenuh, dan hujan terus turun. Akhirnya air mengalir ke mana-mana," kata Firdaus, Kamis (17/1/2013).

Lebih jauh Firdaus menyampaikan, daya tampung 13 sungai yang terdapat di Jakarta mencapai 8 juta meter kubik, sedangkan Kanal Banjir Barat (KBB) sanggup menampung volume air 500.000 meter kubik per detik. Meski demikian, semua menjadi tidak berlaku saat hujan terus mengguyur tanpa henti.

Menurut dia, curah hujan di Jakarta saat ini masih berada di kisaran 95 milimeter, dan di wilayah hulu (Puncak, Bogor) masih di bawah 75 milimeter. Angka ini jauh dibandingkan hujan yang mengguyur Jakarta pada 2007 yang mencapai 320 milimeter.

Perlu diketahui, satu milimeter air hujan di satu meter persegi dapat menghasilkan air sebanyak satu liter. Dapat dibayangkan, luas Jakarta yang mencapai 626 kilometer persegi dikali curah hujan saat ini yang mencapai sekitar 95 milimeter. "Tapi sekarang kan hujan terus menerus. Air pasang laut juga lagi tinggi sehingga volume menampung air jadi tak berlaku," ujar Firdaus.








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